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由“yydai”网友最近提供的学习英语帮助贴 (5人在浏览)

yydai

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1. Did you blame him for his mistakes?
- Yes, but I'd rather _______ it.
A. not do B. not to do C. have not done D. not have done
2. Professor Li, who I ______ abroad, still teaches in Peking University.
A. think went B. think to have gone C. thought went D. thought had gone
3. By the time I saw the angry expression on his face, I _______ exactly what I was having to face. But not for a moment ______ I should quit.
A. had known; I thought B. have known; had I thought
C. would know; I would think D. knew; did I think
4. Prices of food in that area _____ sharply since word came that the war would break out soon.
A. were cut down B. were fising
C. have been brought down D. have been going up
5.The two friends _______ on the Internet for three hours, and they would go on till the next morning.
A. had been chatting B. had chatted C. were chatting D. has been chatting
6.-Why do you look worried?
- Fred left the company half an hour ago. His work _______ unfinished since.
A. left B. was left C. has left D. has been left
7. We plan to reach the North Pole in mid-July, and by then we _____ for six weeks.
A. are walking B. have been walking
C. will walking D. will have been walking
8. As I expressed to him my thanks, he held my hand firmly, looked into my eyes and said, "Sir, _______ me?"
A. don't you recognize B. haven't you recognized
C. didn't you recognize D. wern't you recognizing
9. - I got injured in a car accident.
- I suppose you ___________ too fast.
A. were driving B. had driven C. had been driving D. have driven
10. In fact, more and more people ________ to live a greener, healthier and more environmentally friendly lifestyle, called "green lifestyle".
A. are choosing B. choose C. chose D. have chosen

更多信息可看:365前程网
 
(1)记单词,要“五到”,眼嘴手脑齐开炮;读写背默各几遍,印象清晰记得牢。(“五到”记忆法)
(2)记过单词莫靠边,几天之后再看看;似忘非忘又温习,反反复复印心间。(循环记忆法)
(3)单词多了别心烦,分片分组来攻占;五个一组先吃掉,几组连成一大片。(分组记忆法)
(4)结合词组句子记,有情有景有意义;重点段落须背诵,理解深刻有乐趣。(理解记忆法)
(5)要想单词不写错,语音一关还得过;读音规律掌握好,拼写自然少差错。(语音记忆法)
(6)分类归纳便于记,同类词汇放一起。(归纳记忆法)
(7)同义近义反义词,辨析对比来记忆,比较对照才开窍,印象深刻记得牢。(对比记忆法)
(8)单词长了容易忘,卡片纸条来帮忙;mathematics不好记,纸条贴到《数学》上。(卡片记忆法)
(9)构词法,要学习,前缀后缀有规律;转换常把词类变,合成本是二合一。(构词记忆法)
(10)课外读物有情趣,单词复现便于记;只要坚持常阅读,一举几得大有益。(阅读记忆法)
更多信息可看:365前程网
 
复习五天的时间顺利通过英语四级考试(满分710分制),很多人都表示质疑,可是却有这样的牛人,下面,我们且花些时间来研究一下该生的通关秘诀!
1.听力
听力有dialogue(十个对话),passage(三个短文),compound dictation(复合式听写,也就是传说中的段子题)三种题型,第一种每年必考,后两种逐年交替,其中考passage的次数相对较多。最容易得分的是dialogue和passage,只要记住一个超级技巧即可:对话所述事情总是向不好的方面发展。所以大家记住,只要是对话,必然会发生意外的事情,举个例子,两个选项,A火车准时,B火车晚点如果你是出题老师,你怎么设置对话,当然是晚点了,准时有什么好说的!对于compound dictation,上学期偶运气好没有考这个,但是偶觉得这种题确实比较难,只能竖直耳朵专心听了,即使听不懂,也要根据上下文瞎猜一个,空着肯定没分!
需要补充的是,千万不要听历年真题,不管是磁带还是MP3,这些只会让你觉得更烦,偶当时就只是在偶mp3里面存了一些BACK STREET BOY的as long as you love me,I PROMISE YOU等等,当偶困了的时候就在自习室里假寐一会儿,听歌养神!
2.阅读
阅读是应考的重点,阅读题得分的高低直接影响到你是否能过,所以这里针对每种题型谈一谈:
首先,事实细节题,每年必考地方是列举处,即有first,sceond,in addition……的地方,还有举例与打比方的地方,即有as,such ,for instance等出现的地方,大家可记住几个规律,第一,选项中照抄或似乎照抄原文的一般不是答案,而同义词替换的是正确答案;第二,选项中表达意义较具体,也就是句子较长的一般不是答案而概括性的,抽象的是答案;第三,选项中有绝对语气词的比如must,never,merely等不是答案,而有不十分肯定语气词的是正确答案,比如could,might,possible等。
其次,词义及语义判断题,常考有指代上下问语义功能的名词和一词多义的词组,另外复杂句由于其句子之间的关系复杂,也常成为考查理解能力的一种手段,大家只要记住一个规律即可,那就是选项含义与被考单词在含义上肤浅相近的一般不是答案。
再有,推理判断题,需要记住若要求对某段内容进行推论,那么就只看题干要求作答的那一段;选项中采用试探性,tend to ,offten等一般是答案;符合常识逻辑的一般是答案。
最后,主旨大意题和观点态度题,这两种相比较难,大家的得分都不是很高,所以即使你做的不好也别太介意。
3.词汇
  其实,个人觉得背单词是一种投入和产出极不成比例的做法!之前我考前两天(一定不要太早,否则还会忘掉),浏览了一下课本后面的四级词组,考试时,只要选项里有出现课本上的单词或词组,那么不要犹豫,选定!需要提醒大家,千万不要在30个词汇题上浪费太多的时间,要知道每个题才0.5分,而阅读呢,一个2分,把时间节省出来做阅读吧!偶当时用偶的方法再加上1/4蒙题的概率,最后综合项(包括完形填空)考了一百多分。
4.完形填空题和简短回答题
这两个题也是逐年交替,其中前者出现的机会远远大于后者,完形填空题在整个四级考试中最简单了。参加过高考的人都知道,做一个完形填空题花的时间可能超过两道阅读题,但是得分呢?相信大家都心中有数。幸亏四级考试中此题每个才0.5分,即使真正的高手在这个题上也不会超过你五分,但所花时间却是你的30倍左右。对于完形填空,命题者的真正意图不是考查你的知识水平,而是考查你是否会合理安排时间!
  简短回答题,是我认为四级考试中最不好应对的题!遇到这种题,如果你有兴趣,那就试一下,如果实在不会做,那么你放弃!
5.写作题
这应该是最容易应对而且也是最容得分的题!只需考前花9秒种,即有可能取得9分(满分100分制)以上的好成绩。开考前考生可熟记两个比较有难度的经典句型,考试时想办法在在首句和结尾处各用了一个,然后剩余部分,或者自由发挥,或者写几段偶喜欢的英文歌词(注意不是汉语拼音的),或者写一下李阳疯狂英语里的搞笑句子。需要提醒大家,我们的目标不写一个错单词。写作文时,最好用黑色签字笔,千万要注意书面整齐。
更多信息请看:中国前程网
 
及格版范文

  Nowadays, there is a popular phenomenon that more and more parents are doing all things for their children. For example, they will offer them everything like food or clothes at home. They even send them to school and arrange for everything at dorm for them. As a result, their children can do nothing by themselves.

  About this, there are many factors accountable for the phenomenon. On one hand, there is only one child in many families, so most parents regard them as their “Adam’s Apple”. So, they would try all best to satisfy their needs. On the other hand, the whole society, including schools are paying more attention to study rather than independent education.

  As parents, they should do their best to encourage their children’s independence. For one thing, they should allow their children to do those things that they can manage themselves. For instance, washing, making the bed or making decisions. For another, students themselves should develop an independent concept that they are mature enough to do things freely since they have grown up. When they face some difficult situations, they should think by themselves rather than ask parents to do whatever for them. Lastly, the school or society should also advocate a kind of independent spirit that to be independent is vital for young people to grow up and to be successful in the future.
更多信息请看:中国前程网
 
QUOTE(yydai @ 2010年12月24日 Friday, 10:53 AM)
及格版范文

  Nowadays, there is a popular phenomenon that more and more parents are doing all things for their children. For example, they will offer them everything like food or clothes at home. They even send them to school and arrange for everything at dorm for them. As a result, their children can do nothing by themselves.

  About this, there are many factors accountable for the phenomenon. On one hand, there is only one child in many families, so most parents regard them as their “Adam’s Apple”. So, they would try all best to satisfy their needs. On the other hand, the whole society, including schools are paying more attention to study rather than independent education.

  As parents, they should do their best to encourage their children’s independence. For one thing, they should allow their children to do those things that they can manage themselves. For instance, washing, making the bed or making decisions. For another, students themselves should develop an independent concept that they are mature enough to do things freely since they have grown up. When they face some difficult situations, they should think by themselves rather than ask parents to do whatever for them. Lastly, the school or society should also advocate a kind of independent spirit that to be independent is vital for young people to grow up and to be successful in the future.
更多信息请看:中国前程网
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I totally agree with your points. But it seems to me this sample essay is very like Chinese English. From the sentence structures and transitions, it sounds like directly translating from Chinese.
 
雅思考试阅读判断对错的答题基本原则:

  一、 基本原则

  1. 按照文章先后顺序出题,如果没有顺序则要找到定位词

  2. 考点唯一原则

  3. 不涉及逻辑而考语言理解

  4. 不能加入个人看法

  二、TRUE题的特征

  1.题目是原文的同义表达

  2.题目是对原文的归纳总结

  三、FALSE题的特征

  1. 数字精确性

  2.肯定与否定

  3.多与唯一

  4.可能性与绝对性

  四、NOT GIVEN题的特征

  1. 题目内容在原文完全未提到

  2. 题目内容在原文部分未提到

  3. 原文及题目只提到单一事物或者是状态的only题

  4. 题目就事物的本质进行是非判断,而原文为第三者对该事物的评述或感知

  5. 原文提到两个事物,但是没有在同一段落内表述,而题目涉及两者的关系

  6. 两个事物在题目中是比较关系,而原文只提到其中任何一部分

  7. 原文有发誓、决心、许诺、目的等表示状态的限定词,而题目去掉以上的限定成分

  8. 其他情况 来源:中国前程网
 
It's common sense.
It sounds like another ad.
 
很多雅思考生反映,雅思考试对词汇量的要求高,而自身基础比较薄弱,因此在短时间内很难突破。很多考生“病急乱投医”,到书店买一大堆词汇手册“狂背”,每本单词手册都是从A开始背,结果每本书都是背了一两页就难以坚持,半途而废。结果就是考生对A开头的单词特别熟悉,而后面的单词还是一无所知。考生花了大量的金钱和时间,却收效甚微。这都是方法的问题。本文针对考生的这些问题,提出一些建议,供考生参考。

一、 背单词的重要性

语言学家Terrel认为,只要掌握了足够的词汇,即使没有多少语法知识,外语学习者也能较好理解外语和用外语进行表达。语言学家Wilkins有一句经典名言:“没有语法只能传达很少的信息,没有词汇则什么也无法传达。”美国语言学家Diller研究表明,如果我们认识25个单词,平均每一页上我们就认识23%的单词;如果我们认识135个单词,该百分比就达到50%;2500个单词量相应于78%;5000个单词量相应于86%;10000个单词量相应于92%。Laufer从阅读理解的角度研究后发现:认识5000个单词,阅读理解正确率为56% ;认识6400个单词,该百分比为63%;认识9000个单词,该百分比大约是70%。同样在写作、口语、听力等方面也大致如此。实践证明,在雅思考试中,词汇量较大的考生往往要比词汇量小的考生取得更高的分数。一般认为,要在雅思考试中取得6分以上的成绩,一般需要的词汇在5000-6000左右。

二、 词汇手册的选用

雅思官方从来没有公布过一个正式的“雅思词汇表”,而市面上的雅思词汇手册品种繁多,但良莠不齐。归纳起来,大致有以下几大种类:

1. “ 雅思词汇”

这类词汇手册在考生当中流传最广,因为它满足了考生们“一步到位”的需求。它的特点就是收词量庞大,一般在8000左右,都是按照字母顺序排列的。有些单词号称是按照“词根词缀”进行“巧记”,来引起考生的兴趣。但是这类词汇的编写方法就是将剑桥雅思真题系列听力和阅读里出现的生词进行整理归纳,然后再按顺序排列一下。熟悉雅思的同学都知道,并不是每个出现在试卷里的单词都需要考生全面理解。尤其是雅思阅读部分,只有题目和原文出现同义转换的单词才是考官考查的重点。另外,随着雅思低龄化现象的愈演愈烈,越来越多的基础较弱的考生参加雅思考试,而他们的词汇量往往在2000左右,而所谓的“词根词缀记忆法”不仅不能帮助他们记单词,反而更加加重了他们的记忆负担,使背单词的工作变得更加复杂。对于词汇量较大(如通过大学六级考试的考生)来说,这类词汇手册能帮他们起到查漏补缺的作用,但是对于其它绝大多数考生来说,这类词汇背诵起来费时、费力,而结果却往往事倍功半。

2. “ 分类词汇”

这类词汇手册的最大卖点在于它们将雅思的词汇按照实际在雅思考试听说读写四个部分出现的情况进行分类,多数都是按照场景来分类的。因为这类词汇手册往往能够“现学现用”,因此受到了诸多考生的青睐。然而,这类词汇手册的弊端也不容小视。首先,雅思听说读写四门并不是孤立的部分,而是有机的整体。比如,雅思听力和阅读文章有很多相似的场景,而雅思阅读和雅思写作在选材上面有存在着很大的共同点。但是这些词汇将这些原本可以结合在一起的单词进行人为的割裂,而且原本一本的词汇手册变成了四本,大大加重了考生的记忆负担,绝大部分考生很难坚持。

3. “ 核心词汇”

这类词汇的最大亮点就在于它收录了雅思考试中使用频率最高的词汇,而这类词汇不管在听说读写那部分的考试中都是重点所在。因此这类词汇最适合广大考生,尤其是基础较薄弱的考生。在对这类词汇进行彻底掌握的基础之上再去进行其它雅思词汇的背诵,才是有效的策略. 来源:中国前程网
 
2011年英语四六级考试写作常用词的替换

  1. A number of --- many/ a lot of

  2. A great deal of ---a lot of

  3. A great many --- al lot of

  4. A great variety of ----- many kinds of

  5. A variety of --- many kind of

  6. Abundant---sufficient---ample---enough

  7. A small sum of ---little money

  8. Adequate --- enough

  9. A majority of --- most of

  10. Approximately C almost

  11. Above all --- the most important thing

  12. accelerate --- increase

  13. Accuse sb of doin ---- charge sb with doin

  14. Acquire---gain/ obtain

  15. Acquaintance ---friend /company

  16. …are highly condemned ---- people criticize.。 Badly

  17. advocate---call for

  18. adversity--- hardship

  19. afford to--- can pay for

  20. attribute to --- because of

  21. Assailed by --- troubled by

  22. Anticipate---foresee/ predict/foretell

  23. Appeal to sb ---fascinate sb/ attract sb

  24. appeal to---call for

  25. arise from---originate from

  26. attempt to do --- want to do

  27. at the idea of/ at the mention of/ at the sight of/ at the sound of ---think/talk/see/hear

  28. at the cost of 以什么为代价

  29. astonish---shock / startle /surprise

  30. authority --- government

  31. available ---have free time

  32. be addicted to ---like

  33. be/feel obliged to do sth ---- have to do / must do

  34. bette---to make sth better

  35. be crucial to---be important to

  36. be confronted with--- face with

  37. Be delighted to do ---happy/glad/ pleased to do

  38. be fond of--- like

  39. be beneficial to--- be good for

  40. be detrimental to---be harmful for

  41. be exposed to---encounter

  42. Be impressed by ---by shocked by

  43. be initiated to ---start

  44. be likely to do --- it’s probably to / it’s possible to/ it’s likely to

  45. be obsessed with --- be attracted by

  46. be indebted to ---appreciate

  47. be prone to--- tend to do

  48. Be tempted to do sth --- want to do sth

  49. bring forward --- advocate

  50. But more often than not ---often 来源:中国前程网
 
 (一)存在问题

  1.不会写

  所谓不会写指的是,当考试拿过一篇文章不知如何下手,不知如何提笔进行写作。笔者认为主要是存在以下两个原因:一是考生的确无话可说;二是心里虽然有话,但是拿捏不准该写哪句为妙。于是思前想后、犹豫不决,始终不敢提笔进行写作。

  2.写不好

  所谓写不好就是,拿过作文题,没有明确的写作思路,不按套路出牌;或是简单汉语逻辑思维写作,不符合英语写作标准,近而没有文采。原因在于:第一是平时没有养成良好的写作习惯;第二对于英语写作的句式特点以及整体文章结构框架不了解。

  (二)解决办法

  第一,首先必须熟悉英语四级写作具体要求。

  英语四级考试要求考生在30分钟内写出120字的文章。体材主要有议论文(分为“Topic题型”和A&B又称“正反观点题”)应用文(主要是书信)、图表文等。针对不同的体裁,写作思路是不同的。比如,以议论文举例来说:

  1.议论文写作思路

  2.议论文分类:阐述主题型作文(Topic);正反观点型作文(A&B)

  3.阐述主题型作文写作:(这类题型作文要求从一句话或一个主题出发,按照提纲的要求进行论述)

  (1)基本写作格式

  4. 正反观点型作文(A&B)(这类题型作文通常从正反两方面来分别论述,最后得出你自己的结论。采用论点加论据写作形式。)

  (1)基本写作格式

  第二,熟悉英语写作的几个重要概念。

  1.英语文章段落结构特点

  英语文章段落结构一般有三部分构成:主题句+扩展句+结尾句

  (1)主题句:所谓主题句,就是英语文章段落的中心思想句。它是英语文章段落的灵魂,在英语文章段落中居于主导地位。我们都知道英语文章一般喜欢开门见山,所以主题句一般位于英语文章段落的句首。其他句子都要围绕它而展开。

  (2)扩展句:所谓扩展句就是为主题句起解释说明或论证的句子。通常我们写扩展句所采用的方法是举例子(for example, for instance, such as, a case in point is that---)、列数据(according to the recent study/survey,---)等。

  (3)结尾句:所谓结尾句就是总结句。英语写作也类似于汉语写作,最后再把自己本段落的写作目的陈述一下。但是在英语写作中结尾句毕竟还是少数。

  因此我们通常看到英语的文章段落结构 60%-70%都是由主题句+扩展句构成。

  2.主旨句

  作为主旨句就是英语文章的中心思想句。英语文章一般首先用一句话概括一下作者的写作目的或意图,我们就把这句话称之为主旨句。没有受过写作训练的考生是不会写主旨句的。因此这样的文章就不能够称之为好的英语文章,自然也得不到阅卷人的青睐了。

  第三,学会遣词造句

  1.遣词:

  (1)词汇等级

  所谓词汇的等级就是,我们在写作的过程中,如果想出一个基本词汇来之后,能够在这个基本词汇的基础上把它在提升一下,也就是我们一般写作所提倡的用“难词”。比如,我们一提到“重要的”,大多数同学首先会想到“important”这个单词,那么提升一下的话就可以想到它的如下同义词:significant, vital, main, basilica, crucial, momentous etc

  (2)词汇准确性

  所谓词汇的准确性是指,我们在有一个词近而想到它的同义词之后,要结合语境选择恰当的用词。在这里必须指明的是,并不是词汇等级越高越好,必须还要考虑到适合于不同的语境。比如,眼睛大,这个“大的”形容词,我们首先会想到big,近而想到great, large, huge, vast, titanic, enormous etc。那么是不是用后面的词就可以了呢?或者说用上enormous等词更能博得阅卷人的好感呢?答案是否定的。在这里很明显用后面的词来修饰眼睛是不可以,只能用big,因为我们听过一首英文歌曲叫做“I am a big big girl, in a big big world。”big表示眼睛大而迷人可爱的。

  2.造句:

  (1)词组

  很多考生平时写作不太擅长用词组,对于他们而言最习惯的就是想到汉语,然后对应汉语思维写出英语句子,这种写作只能是单词的罗列组合,谈不上什么技巧文采可言,因此,写出来的文章必然就是所谓平淡如流水,没有英语的味道。如果我们能够在单词的基础上,进一步想到与之同义的词组,那么文章就会显得与众不同,更具有英语的味道。比如上面所说的“重要的”这个单词,当我们想到important的时候,如果从语法角度再稍加考虑一下,我们会想到“be of importance”。因为,语法中规定:形容词等于of加这个形容词的名词形式。如果再提升一步,我们还学过一个常用的词组叫做“play an important role in---”。很多同学说自己的文章凑不够字数或是没有文采,那么采用词组进行写作是不是就可以解决以上问题了呢?

  (2)句式

  除了采用词组,要使文章更具英语的味道,我们还需要变换句式。没有受过正规作文训练的考生,通常采用的句式多为主谓宾、主系表。于是我们看到大多数的文章充斥着这样的形式:I am a good boy, and I am a student. I study in Shandong University, and I have three years experience in Qilu Hotel。这样流水帐式的文章显然不能得到高分。

  写作中阅卷人喜欢的句式有以下两种:一是插入语;二是倒装。

  第一,插入语。

  所谓插入语,英语中有两种形式。一种是有两个逗号之间引起的成分称之为插入语;第二种是有两个半破折号引起的成分称之为插入语。如下所示(黑体划线处):

  Jinan, the Spring City, is a famous tourist city。

  Other people may give us instrumental support―financial aid, material resources, and needed services―that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems。

  插入语的作用主要有两个,一个是突出主语,比如说:He, who would like to play basketball, is a good student。

  第二个作用是解释说明,比如说:People, especially students, should work hard。

  第二,倒装

  倒装是我们写作中需要用到的。虽然略显俗套,但是却是很能满足阅卷人的主观感受的。常用的倒装形式有以下几种:

  Only + 时间状语

  Only when all of us join in the efforts of eliminating cheating at all levels can we expect to have a cleaner society and a more beautiful future。

  Only + 介词词组

  Only by planning his time care fully can he improve efficiency and make achievements。

  Only in this way can we master the writing skills step by steps。

  否定词位于句首(hardly when; never; not only---,but also---; seldom)

  在我一生当中很难遇到这样的人

  Seldom in my life have I met such a kind-hearted man。

  地点方位名词位于句首

  In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games。

  (3)修辞

  无论是汉语写作还是英语写作,修辞其实非常的重要。它是作者写作功底具体事例地展现。所谓修辞包括比喻、拟人、排比等等。英语写作中的修辞问题我已经专门写过一篇文章(见《英语写作几种修辞手法》)。这里仅举一个比喻例子,还是拿“重要的”来举例。当你用完词组之后,如果你用上下面比如句子,则文章就会显得神采飞扬,试比较:

  The bicycle is important for us。

  The bicycle is of importance for us。

  The bicycle plays an important role in our life。

  The bicycle, environmental friendliness vehicle, plays an important role in our life。

  The bicycle is like the air, water, and sunshine and cannot be parted with a moment in our life。

  那么很明显,最后一个句子是我们最终拿到考场上去搏击高分的句子。

  第四,平时要注意积累

  很多考生为了写好作文也作了好多工作,课下也付出了很多,包括背诵大量的文章等等,但是提笔写作时候,仍不见的有所改观。问题在哪里呢?

  我认为,很多考生虽然也背诵文章,但却只是死记硬背。如果合上书本让他复述,他们就会卡壳。就是茶壶里煮饺子,倒不出来。我们说背诵是个输入的过程,而说和写则是输出的过程。我们真正需要的是把平时积累的随时随地用在我们的写作中。因此,我们在注重积累的同时,一定在平时练习的时候,把他们多家运用。只有多练多用,才能真正达到学以致用,才能真正提高写作水平。 来源:中国前程网
 
雅思考试作为一门出国必备的语言测试,近几年在各国认可程度不断提升。对于大多数中国考生来说,口语是雅思考试四项中最为头疼的部分。很多雅思考生在备考口语时拘泥于死记硬背,直接套用口语模板,对于开口说英语没有信心也没有兴趣。

  语言心理学研究表明,学好外语的主要因素有四点:才能、占33%;智力、占20%;动力或坚持性、占 33%;其他、占10%;而语言、才能和智力并非一蹴而就,需要长期持之以恒的培养与发展。兴趣则是一种内在的动力,对智力发展起着启动、调控、提高的作用。所以各领域专家都经常说兴趣是最好的老师。实践也证明:当学生对某一类知识产生兴趣时,他们就会积极主动地探究,学习效果就尤佳。

  那么,在雅思口语学习中如何培养学生的学习兴趣呢?

  1、考生首先要充分了解考试内容和评分点。考生要熟悉考试题型,四项评分标准都有哪些要求,自己该如何制定备考计划。对于雅思口语来说知道考官喜欢什么,不喜欢什么,面对考官需要注意的方方面面,才能警醒更加有针对性的练习。

  2、考生需要找到自己感兴趣的英语表现形式,并有效利用这些渠道补充学习:比如电视、电影、杂志或者电台等等。BBC、VOA等都是模仿纯正口音的好地方,还有HollyWood的美剧,可以用来学习那些明星是如何表达感情说出那些令人神魂颠倒的句子。另外还可以根据自己的兴趣点,在文化、历史、时尚、影视、体育等方面找到自己感兴趣的英语内容。

  3、将经常听到看到或给自己留下深刻印象的句型词汇运用到平时的练习中。在备考雅思口语时要学会积累,平时在听新闻,看美剧,或者做资料时遇到的好句型,好词汇都记录下来,作为口语的答题内容,有了这些亮点词汇,作答时会添色不少。当然在内容上能体现个人的观点和看法也是非常重要的。俗话说,别人嚼过的馍不香。背诵机经远不如说出你自己的经历和看法来的真实动听。况且背诵的过程是枯燥无趣的,考生何不使用背诵的时间尝试表达自己感兴趣的内容呢?

  4、考生可以尝试改变传动练习方法,由被动练习变为主动练习。考生去培训班上课,方法和技巧都是被动接受,不会留下深刻的印象。如果通过自己练习总结,得出适合自己的练习方式,培养了说英语的兴趣,这种主动练习的效果是事半功倍的。

  对于口语练习,考生可以尝试不同的练习方式,并寻找最适合自己的学习方法。目前国内比较流行的口语在线练习平台――SpeakingSaver就是一种非常创新的口语练习方法。打开网页,立刻就可以开始练习,相对于传统的报班来说更加便捷。这种充分利用互联网资源的口语练习平台为考生营造了一个十分轻松的练习环境,已受到国内外很多考生的好评。师傅领进门,修行在个人,再好的“老师”也无法保证考生的成绩,口语成绩的提高关键靠自己的付出和行动。

  英语学习很大程度上取决于兴趣,而雅思口语成绩的提升也是如此。很多考生单纯以考试为目的备考是十分痛苦,且不全面的。为了更实在的提高考试成绩,为了走出国门后使用英语更加得心应手,考生应在备考过程发现自己的兴趣点,并且善用适合自己的学习方法。借用兴趣的动力,学习才能持续有效。 来源:365前程网
 
 雅思考试阅读长难句简析。雅思阅读考试的部分,在一个小时的时间里要求众多烤鸭们完成三篇800―1200词的文章阅读和题目解答,对于很多人来说,这个时间是不够进行完全阅读的。要最有效率地善用时间,拿到自己满意的分数,我们可以从两个方面入手:一方面是技巧,知道如何依据题目给出的指向,去文章的什么地方寻找答案;另一方面则是硬碰硬的速读能力,很快地扫描全文,然后挑拣出有用信息所在的句子。从长远角度来看,后者对于各位鸭鸭们更为重要,毕竟考到了满意的分数只是开始而非结束,去了自己心仪的学校以后还是要接受铺天盖地的英语材料轰炸。特别是对于准备时间比较充分因此相对从容的同学,不如就从雅思备考的这个阶段开始准备吧。

  英语的句式结构其实很简单:主谓宾和主系表。主谓宾是“谁―干―什么”,比如“羊吃草”。“洁白可爱的小绵羊蹦蹦跳跳欢快活泼地在一望无垠的广阔草原上幸福愉快地吃着鲜嫩碧绿的青草”一样也是主谓宾,只不过修饰成分多了些、显得唐僧了些而已。主系表是“谁―是―什么”,复杂版本参考同上。要很快地理解这样的句子,我们就要学会迅速地抓出句子的主干―也就是“羊吃草”的部分,至于其它的修饰部分可以先不过大脑。如果主干显示本句子中包含了解题信息的话,此时再去细细查看题目要问的细节信息也不迟。这样的抓主干技巧一旦熟练,要有充分的时间通读三篇文章、保证不遗漏任何信息地做题,也不是什么不可完成的任务了。特别是对于那些原本语言功底就不错、希望能以阅读这一项的得分再提高一下总成绩的同学来说,这是真正的终极技巧,要达到保8望9也是很有希望的哦:)

  针对两种句式结构的抓主干方法,简单说来如下:

  化繁为简看懂句子

  主谓宾结构:寻找谓语动词

  主系表结构:寻找系动词

  也就是说,无论哪种句式,我们都要在心里默念寻找动词这个原则,以模糊匹配的方式来对应最有意义的那个动词,进而确认动词之前的主语和动词之后的宾语或表语。

  一个句子之所以能够拉长,除了在一个简单句中加上许多修饰成分之外,还有可能是长出了枝干―也就是加了从句,或者是由连词和平衡结构把若干简单句合并在了一起。雅思长难句最频繁出现的情况包括如下几种:

  定语从句:that, which(介词+which), who,…

  状语从句:v+ing

  寻找平衡结构:三大连词 and/or/but,

  not only…but also…

  not…but…

  no more/longer/less …than

  as…as

  not so …as… 。 . 。

  还有一种特殊主系表值得单独说一说:

  There be句型:寻找中心词

  这个句型之所以特殊,是因为系动词和表语都已经以倒装的形式给出来了,欠缺的只是一个主语中心词而已,因此我们看到了there be开头的句子,一定先集中精力寻找到那个中心点。此外,这个句子是一些同学在雅思作文考场上易犯错误的地方。在时间紧迫的压力下,可能会有同学不自觉地受到了中文思维的影响,写出诸如“There are many people do something.”此类的句子,如果在模拟考试的时候发现自己曾经犯过这类笔误,建议大家在考场上给自己留出1、2分钟的检查时间来。检查方法也很简单,把there be两个词遮住,如果剩下的部分还能读出一个完整的句子来,则原本的句子必定是有问题的,可以迅速把there be这两个词擦掉。

  除了be动词外,还有一些there be形式的变体:

  There come/comes/came

  There appear/appears/appeared

  There emerge/emerges/emerged

  There may/might be

  There can/could be

  There happen to be

  There used to be

  There is/are going to be

  其中后两个句子中说到的情况一定是不存于当下的,在判断题(TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN)中容易被揪出来做文章,出题思路是细节不一致的类型,答案多为FALSE。

  结合课堂讲解的部分,有时间的同学可以练习一下快速理解以下这些来自剑桥考题当中的长难句:

  1. There are examples of languages that have survived in written form and then been revived by later generations. (4A0201)

  2. In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori and rekindled interest in the language. (4A0201)

  3. The former US policy of running Indian reservations schools in English, for example, effectively put languages such as Navajo on the danger list. (4A0201)

  4. It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear. (4A0201)

  5. However, it wasn’t until the discovery of the reaction principle, which was the key to space travel and so represents one of the great milestones in the history of scientific thought, that rocket technology was able to develop. (3A0101)

  6. What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are. (4A0201)

  7. In the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is dying.(4A0201)

  8. The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new one. (4A0403)

  9. Every health system in an economically developed society is faced with the need to decide (either formally or informally) what proportion of the community’s total resources should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be apportioned; what diseases and diabilities and which forms of treatment are to be given priority; which members of the community are to be given special consideration in respect of their health needs; and which forms of treatment are the most cost-effective. (4A0403)

  10. People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a context of law and order. (4A0403)

  11. The spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. (3A0202)

  12. Animals at play often use unique signs―tail-wagging in dogs, for example―to indicate that activity superficially resembling adult behaviour is not really in earnest. (4A0203)

  13. A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a “leader” in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform. (5A0102)

  14. How can we possily account for this vast discrepancy between what calm, rational, knowledgeable people predict in the comfort of their study and what pressured, flustered, but cooperative “teachers” actually do in the laboratory of real life? (5A0102)

  15. A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the caves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal ways. (5A0102)

  16. Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. (5A0403)

  17. This is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon from soil or water into organic material for growth.(5A0403)

  18. Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors’ marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material. (5A0201)

  19. The fact that children’s ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change them. (4A0101)

  20. These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. (4A0101)

  21. Never before has the planet‘s linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace. (4A0201)

  22. Not only did it solve a problem that had intrigued man for ages, but, more importantly, it literally opened the door to exploration of the universe. (3A0101)

  23. Life itself was a perpetual and punishing search for food: some families grew manioc and other starchy crops in small garden plots cleared from the forest, while other members of the tribe scoured the country for small game and promising fish holes. (3A0302)

  24. There is clear-cut evidence that, for a period of at least one year, supervision which increases the direct pressure for productivity can achieve significant increases in production. However, such short-term increases are obtained only at a substantial and serious cost to the organisation. (3A0403)

  25. Of growing interest is the way in which much of what we might see as diaposable is, elsewhere, recycled and reused. (3A0301)

  26. These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. (4A0101)

  27. The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people’s preferences as to where they live.

  28. Take the exercise theory. 来源:365前程网
 
准备2012考研的同学们很大一部分已经着手复习了,可总有同学很困惑,不知道如何合理的安排时间复习,尤其是英语科目知识庞杂,需要长期持之以恒,更要做好规划,才能达到事半功倍的效果。

  名师精心为同学们制定2012考研英语时间规划,希望对同学们有所帮助。

  正式开始复习之前,听一些考研讲座,了解考研形势、考研常识等基本信息,同时做好资料搜集整理,最好能够对自己要考的专业和方向有一个初步的认识,进而全面了解信息,准备复习。

  2011年3月―2011年6月 基础阶段

  基础阶段复习重点是公共课科目的复习,全面系统的复习,同时有充足的时间加强自己的薄弱环节。尤其是英语和数学的复习,一定要早准备,长坚持。政治科目的复习不需要太着急,只要先做些知识点复习,框架梳理等大概就可,正式的复习等到考研新大纲出来之后开始。

  基础阶段英语复习:英语水平提高非一朝一夕之事,更重要的是平时的积累,英语复习更重视基础知识的完善,这一阶段,主要任务是背单词,掌握一定词汇量,同时通过背诵培养语感巩固语法。

  2011年7月-2011年8月 全面复习

  购买最新的复习资料,制定一个全面复习计划,开始第二轮复习。如果条件允许,大家可以参加暑期辅导班,同时,一般8月份考研大纲已经公布了,一定要关注是否有变化,变化大小,要以大纲为中心全面复习基础知识。

  2011年9月 开始专业课 强化公共课

  9月份可以开始专业课的复习了,购买相关辅导书,联系导师或者学长了解专业课考试信息,同时关注招生单位的招生简章。这个时期,英语科目的复习进入强化阶段,需要根据自身情况复习进度不断完善自己的整体复习计划及结构。

  2011年10月 总结复习 开始网报

  研究生网上报名开始。英语复习到了十月份,是对前面阶段复习的总结、梳理、查缺补漏,同时做好十一长假的复习计划。

  2011年11月-2011年12月 冲刺阶段

  考研进入全面冲刺阶段,英语的第三轮复习开始,强化真题练习,购买内部资料,如果希望冲刺效果更好,可以参加冲刺班做考前冲击。英语冲刺具体操作:真题、阅读、单词、翻译、新题型一起来,哪儿不行补哪儿;模拟题可视情况选择,真题第一位;作文一定要花功夫,包含考研作文大小作文模板;掌握几个不同语法的句型:倒装、虚拟、从句等;写几篇练练;保持感觉,阅读别间断。

  2012年1月上旬

  真题仍是重点,适当选择一些模拟卷练习一下;此阶段只关注重点,拖得时间长而且内容太多,有东西忘记属正常,不要计较。三轮实战模拟,分析总结,注意应试技巧,信心很重要。

  2012年1月下旬

  调整心态,准备考试。 来源:365前程网
 
今天是英语四六级考试查分的日子,大家日盼夜盼终于等到自己的成绩啦!顺利通过的各位要恭喜你们了,当然这次不幸杯具的童鞋也别灰心,今后好好学习才素最重要的!在沪江网校里各位过级的童鞋分享了自己的宝贵经验哦!将要参加考试的孩子快来看看吧!

  背单词要讲究方法

  喵喵喵小宝:如果单词量太少,考试中的各个环节都会觉得吃力。关于背单词,我个人不喜欢死记硬背。死记硬背我也记不下来。我现在在准备考研英语,也在背单词。我觉得背单词一定要找到方法,比如用词根法联想法都不错。童鞋们要根据自己的情况选择。

  多听VOA听力培养语感

  panpanlu:每天听听VOA慢速,非常推荐哦~这是一个培养语感的好途径~还可以拿听写徽章~一举两得~觉得自己坚持不了的可以去生命不息,听力不止小组~那边有在搞坚持听写100天的活动~一堆人一起努力,肯定比自己一个努力能坚持下去~

  做阅读要淡定

  栖筠:四级阅读偏简单,以我目前做CET6真题阅读的正确率低得可怜的现状来看,四级真的蛮简单的,定位什么的技巧用到位就够了,我自己主要是真题累积,没做什么专项练习。总的来说,阅读还是要戒骄戒躁,潜下心来看,我自己就比较浮躁,如果能淡定点,分也许还能高点。

  作文平时多动笔

  dandan1990:对作文我是坚持一定要动笔写,做真题时,篇篇都要写,特别是考前2、3个星期,基本一两天一篇,关键练习熟悉度,写完后觉得不错就找英语老师看看,从老师那找自己的不足,模板神马的,我虽然也看了不少,但觉得记不住,就算了,我觉得还是找到自己比较熟悉的方式,自己总结,比起死记硬背来的强,还有一定要写好字,本人就是很痛苦的字体比较难看中人……特别是在答题卡上,记得写完后我自己看都觉得很,很,很难看,好丑丑~~~~~~虽然坚持练笔了,但是还是练得太少,真正考试时,绞尽脑汁,句子,华丽丽的单词都想不出来。。。所以最好有点库存,多想多些多记,这是相当重要的!!

  熟悉题型事半功倍

  喵喵喵小宝:我觉得四级和六级都是规律性很强的东西。它的题型常年都是保持不变的。你要做到熟悉题型,熟悉每个题型大概要用多长时间,这能让考试起到事半功倍的效果。比如很多人发愁的快速阅读题,我相信很多童鞋都是答不完的。其实这题真的没有难度,考的就是速度而已。答案的分布相当有规律,基本一段对应着一个问题,先看问题,再阅读段落找答案,这样很快。最后的三个填词题,有的考的是原型,有的你稍微换个同义词近义词什么的就行了。

  做真题,多积累

  yuyuaigg 同学:经验还是有的,首先就是记忆积累。大家都知道英语不是一时一刻的功夫。那时我正在学新概念3、4,每天起早早读VOA,所以对常用句型比较熟悉。不要小看哦,这可是作文的高分的关键,也可以大大节省阅读的时间!其次就是做真题。不过说实话啊,四六级的真题我总共就做了3套半,考试前两天做的,有天太累,做完两篇阅读就睡了。不过建议大家要是时间紧迫的话,真题乃一大法宝!多做阅读,多查字典,多积累作文的常用句式,关键要细,到考试的时候,你就会觉得:眼前的一切已经熟悉的不能再熟悉啦!

  经常勾搭勾搭英语

  celia_qiu:我觉得有个地方是对俺备考起到一定大作用的是英语的学习环境,我这里当然不是说周围有外国人啥的,而是在这段时间,俺一直跟英语你来我往,GD他。因为我是国贸专业的嘛,所以大三以后还是有英语课的,加上网校的课程,会计考试备考闭关期间的VOA和BBC的听写(虽然就一个礼拜),部落里的学习氛围,基本上都还是沐浴在英语学习中的吧,我觉得这点很重要,哪怕你不备考,但是还是要有接触比较好吧~

  四个字:贵在坚持

  土豆zyy:在网上偶然注册了沪江~看到有六级的课程就报了~~开班前,我一直在沪江打转,所谓熟悉环境,什么天天向上,词场,cet小组,还有各种节目真的很有趣也很有用~~而且那个voa听写真的灰常好~~每天听听磨耳朵~~听力提高蛮多的。

  开课后,就看见我一有空就对着电脑看课件,记笔记,一开始的劲头很足~~后来每天一个多小时的课就有点消受不了了,偷懒了,幸好老师同学们的认真和热情刺激到我了,总算坚持上完了课(谢老师魅力其实还是蛮大的~~~

  其实吧,最重要的还是那四个字:贵在坚持!!!!网校的安排还是很好的,只要我们跟上网校的进度,坚持认真听课,坚持做好笔记,坚持背词场做练习,坚持完成作业,坚持听voa~~~只要能坚持下来,坚持的好,真的没什么问题的~~半途而废什么的真的不能玩啊~~~ 来源:365前程网
 
雅思考试口语Part2话题全预测

  活跃话题:

  Describe something you could do to help protect the environment

  Describe a job you want to do in the future

  Describe a practical skill(something you are interested in and want to learn more about it)

  Describe a childhood teacher who you want to meet again.

  Describe an advertisement

  Describe a new law (that makes the place you live better)

  Describe a toy you played when you were a child

  Describe a friend/someone/family member you admire

  Describe a childhood hobby

  Describe a person who speaks a foreign language

  Describe a gift you gave to someone else

  Describe an old person

  Describe an old friend

  Describe a modern building(that you think is interesting/on your campus)

  Describe an item of clothing someone bought for you

  Describe a naughty thing you did in childhood

  Describe a place you usually go for meals(lunch/ your favorite eating place)

  Describe a piece of advice someone gave to you

  Describe a quiz show

  Describe a successful person

  低频或渐渐淡出的话题:

  Describe a person you helped

  Describe something you celebrate in your country/hometown

  Describe a well-known story in your country

  Describe a subject you studied in high school

  Describe a change of your hometown

  Describe a wild animal

  Describe a film you saw recently

  Describe something healthy you recommend to others

  Describe a long-distance journey

  Describe a place that you learnt about the past

  Describe an artist

  新生话题

  Describe a kind of foreign food you’d like to try

  Describe an exciting message

  Describe a project or some work that you did with others (showed team spirit)

  A peaceful place

  Some change you could make for your fitness

  A good leader from your friends

  An interesting piece of news

  A child

  A river

  A beautiful place

  A vehicle you want to buy/have

  A visit you made to your family or friends

  Your ideal room/house(you room in childhood)

  A stage of your life

  A person with the spirit of adventure

  A broken electronic item

  Something expensive you bought

  Describe a (small) company that you think is very successful

  Describe some changes you hope yourself can make

  Desceibe a photo you remember

  Describe an educational TV program

  A historical building

  A leisure center

  A place near a lot of water(you visited when you were a child)

  A book you enjoyed reading (in childhood)/ a kind of book you often read

  Happy event at school(in childhood) 来源:365前程网
 
成功,是口语卡片题四类(人物、地点、物品、事件)常考题型中的事件题,又被称作经历题。该题的难点在于较为抽象,难以选材。建议考生,如果能将“成功”具体化,其难度则大大降低。考生往往把成功二字想得过于高大显赫,总结自己似乎一直经历平平,并没有明显起伏,于是败下阵来,举足无措。殊不知,其实成功的理解可以有多方面,对于该话题的回答也可以灵活多样。

  一、话题准备

  成功可包括两种:1、他人公认的成功,如学业或工作方面的成就。2、自己认为的成功,这个就灵活了,可以是个人任何一个计划、目标或愿望的实现。

  先看前一种,我们将其细化,可以是由于德、智、体、美、劳任意一方面的突出表现,获得了相应的奖励。以智、体、美为例,可以选择的话题如下:

  智:

  某次考试拿了第一,夺得荣誉(如果你是尖子生);

  某次考试进步飞跃,获得表扬(如果你是普通生);

  某场大型比赛取得成果(演讲,作文,数理化竞赛等);

  体:

  某次校级(甚至市级、省级)运动会夺得名次;

  某场篮球/足球/乒乓球/羽毛球/网球/游泳等比赛(可以是非正式的,小集体内部的)取得名次;

  某节体育课测验(长短跑、球类、体操类)进步明显;

  美:

  某次校级(市级、省级)才艺大赛夺得名次(个人成功);

  某次组织班集体参加的比赛获得名次(集体成功);

  以上都是针对学生时代的话题,当然也可以稍作修改,变成工作中的成功案例。智方面就是工作表现,一次获得晋升的经历,或是自己的成功创业故事,体和美可以是公司组织的体育或才艺竞赛活动。

  再看后一种,可以把a success(一次成功)看作是successfully did sth(成功地做成了某事),那么难题便迎刃而解。如果思路够宽,还有意外的收获,准备成功的话题可以为其他话题储备素材,可谓一石二鸟。朗阁海外考试研究中心给出的建议如下:

  成功戒烟/戒酒/戒游戏/减肥/克服羞涩(近似于a change in life)

  成功指导或帮助别人戒烟/戒酒/戒游戏/减肥/克服羞涩(素材可用于人物题的故事插入)

  成功地维权(素材可用于物品题,something you bought but you were not happy with,讲买的东西有质量问题,不满意,要求索赔,最终成功).来源:365前程网
 
首先是做托福笔记的方法:我个人的习惯差不多每个段子都能写一面纸。这里的确有很多内容是无用的,但如果遇到口音重、句子结构复杂的文章,一边记一边听有困难,我就会放弃大量托福笔记,只写关键词。

  在完全不知道题目在问什么的时候,根据一个词儿定位,再回忆原文,可能会有一定的帮助。至于Lecture,一般我会用线条把草稿纸分割成“田”或“用”字的样式,写下关键词以后,如果教授说:我讲的这个东西啊,有三个类别/三个发展阶段/三个解决方式,就在“用”字纸张上写,左边每一格写关键分类词,右边对应格儿写特点和评价。

  有例子、学生提问、奇怪语气的地方打上标记。这种情况下一般能网罗一半以上的题目。顺便说一句,我觉得这个托福笔记方法对于托福口语来说也是适用的,我托福口语不算高只有26,但后四题都是good,不得不说托福笔记功劳大大的。

  记托福笔记的同时要判断出题点。很多人都说出题点可以预见,我个人也觉得托福听力至少有50%的题目在听的时候就能判断了,这部分的分数要拿稳。

  第一是主题题。这啥也不用说了,必考,这样一来,6道题搞定了。

  第二是奇怪语气。这个也很好判断,我个人觉得有:“结巴和长停顿”,“重复”,“sorry+更正”,“打断别人说话”、“夸张的发音和语气的”等。

  第三是我自己的感觉。如果是总分-列举型的文章(3个方案,3种方法,3个阶段,3个类别之类),最后一个列举考到可能性非常大。所以如果前两个都没听明白,别放弃,因为最后可能出题的是最后一个。

  即使考不到最后一个,考了很难的“特点匹配”的好几分的题目,你至少可以用最后一个分类的特点来排除。所以最后一个一定要认真听。 来源:365前程网
 
首先,一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想,该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题(stick or hold to the topic),这就是段落的统一性(unity)。其次,一个段落必须有若干推展句,使主题思想得到充分展开,从而给读者一个完整的感觉,这就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者,一个段落不是杂乱无章的,而是有机的组合,句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑,从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅(smooth),这就是连贯性(coherence)。下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。

  1.统一性

  一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心,任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例:

  Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.

  本段的主题句是段首句,controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country。文中出现两个irrelevant sentences,一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie,这一段是讲的是Joe and I,中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有,Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出irrelevant sentences(不相关语句)而丢分,值得引起注意。再看一个例子:

  My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.

  本段的controlling idea是like to deep physically fit,但段中有两个irrelevant sentences,一个是I bought two new suitcases last week,另一个是My mother was a premature baby。

  从上面两个例子可以看出,native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences。卷面上如果这种句子多了,造成偏题或离题,那问题就更严重了。

  2.完整性

  正象我们前面说得那样,一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现,如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实,就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样,虽然有推展句,但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待,给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如:

  Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work ---- you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.

  本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是"a mind in turmoil"(心境不平静)Physical work又如何能改变这种情况?为什么它能起therapy的作用?读者得不到明确的答案。

  由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100~120个词的三段式短文,每一段只有大约40个词左右,因此,要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如:

  It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.

  段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法,必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释,整个段落内容空洞,简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话,就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段:

  It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming "Help"?

  3.连贯性(coherence)

  连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面,前者指的是内在的逻辑性,后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连,句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系;反之,只有意连而没有形连,有时行文就不够流畅。

  1)意连

  段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序,不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思,边写边想,写写停停,那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。

  A.按时间先后排列(chronological arrangement)

  We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours ----- it must have been close to noon ---- the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was four o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.

  本段从"rose"(起床)写起,然后是吃早餐("not to miss breakfast","closing at nine o'clock"),然后是"close to noon",一直写到这一天结束("By nine--")。

  B.按位置远近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如:

  From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.

  本段的写法是由远及近,从远处("from a distance")写起,然后"get closer",再到("ten feet away"),最后是"inside the pagoda"……当然,按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要,也可以由近及远,由表及里等等。

  C.按逻辑关系排列(logical arrangement)

  a.按重要性顺序排列(arrangement insgroupsof importance)

  If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.

  这一段谈的是表达能力,它的重要性与职业,身份有关,从"not need much skill"或"of little importance"到"more important",最后是"most important"。

  b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)

  If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A ---- the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that "sanguine" and "sanguinary" mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.

  这一段谈的是a writer's carelessness,先给出一个general statement作为主题句,然后通过5个"perhaps"加以例证。

  c.由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)

  I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.

  本段的主题句是段首句,它仅提出一个问题:为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较,末句才下结论。

  2)形连

  行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语:

  Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies --- in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, during his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graduate on schedule. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.

  本文中起承上启下的词语有两种,一种是转换词语(transitional words or phrases),另一种是起转换作用的其他连接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有:first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.后者依次是:he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his.本段***************************************************有词汇105个,所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词,约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。由此可见,掌握好transitions不仅对行文的流畅(smoothness)有益,而且对于学生在半个小时内写足四级短文所要求的120个词也是不无好处的。

  一个段落里如果没有transitions也就很难有coherence了.我们看下面一个例子:Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.

  本段中除了第6句开头出现一个起过渡作用的"it"之外,没有使用其他的过渡词语.这样,文中出现许多重复的词语,全段读起来也显得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的过渡词语来修饰的话,这一段就成了下面一个流畅连贯的段落:

  Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.

  4.有损连贯性的几种情况:

  考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误:

  1)不必要的改变时态,比如:

  In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.

  2)不必要的改变单复数,比如:

  Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.

  3)不必要的改变人称,比如:

  Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.

  因此写作中,一定要注意时态,人称以及数的变化是否正确,要注意保持一致。来源:365前程网
 
 口译笔译辅导:解密英语口译十大翻译绝招,当他可以大胆行动的时候,他发现自己除了一个情人所具有的那种普通的害怕之外,心里还充满怀疑、顾虑和踌躇。 改译:等到他不妨放胆去追求的时候,他却迟疑不定,顾虑重重。至于一般堕入情网的人那种常有的提心吊胆的心理,那就更是难免的了。

  (一) 同义反译法

  1. Only three customers remained in the bar. 酒吧间只有三个顾客还没有走。(不译:“还留着”或“还呆在那里”)

  2. I'll be here for good this time. 这一次我再也不走了。(不译:“永远在此呆下去”)

  3. Please keep the fire burning when I'm out. 我不在家的时候,别让炉子灭了。(不译:“我外出时,请让炉子继续烧着”)

  4. "Wait, he is serious." 等等,他不是说着玩儿的。(不译:“等等,他是认真的。”)

  5. "Now, Clara, be firm with the boy!" 听我说,克拉拉,对这孩子可不能心软。(不译:“......对这孩子要坚定”)

  (二) 删减解释词

  The traveller in the south must often have remarked that peculiar air of refinement, that softness of voice and manner, which seems in many cases to be a particular gift to the quotation and mulatto women. 到南方去的人看见那些黑白混血的女郎,一定会注意到她们十之八九都有那种独特的优雅风度、那种温柔的声音和文静的举止。

  (三) 短句拆译

  " ...on one sunshiny morning in June , ..." 在六月里的一天早上,天气晴朗......

  (四) 译词推陈出新

  When he might well have acted with boldness, he found himself filled with doubts, scruples and equivocations, in addition to the ordinary fears of a lower. 原译:当他可以大胆行动的时候,他发现自己除了一个情人所具有的那种普通的害怕之外,心里还充满怀疑、顾虑和踌躇。 改译:等到他不妨放胆去追求的时候,他却迟疑不定,顾虑重重。至于一般堕入情网的人那种常有的提心吊胆的心理,那就更是难免的了。

  (五) 解释性添词

  "George, I'm ashamed of you! George, I couldn't have believed you would have done it! I always knew you to be a rolling stone that gathered no moss; but I never thought you would have taken away what little moss there was for Bagnet and the children to lie upon," said Mrs. Bagnet. “乔治,我真替你害臊u乔治,想不到你会干出这种事情来u俗话说得好:滚着的碌碡不长苔,流浪的汉子不攒财。我早知道你就是这么一个流浪汉u可真没有想到你连贝格纳特和孩子们靠它过活的那一点点财也骗走”,贝格纳特太太说道。来源:365前程网
 
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